Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

摘要

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is the most commonly recognised clinical manifestation of infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). IBR first emerged in the large feedlots and dairies of the western US in the 1950s. It was introduced to Europe in the 1970s, presumably through the importation of cattle from North America. Recent serological surveys have indicated exposure in 75-80% of Irish dairy and suckler herds. Other outcomes of infection include the venereally transmitted infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and pustular balanoposthitis (in cows and bulls respectively) conjunctivitis, systemic (frequently fatal) infection of neonatal calves, encephalitis and reproductive failure. The outcome in a given animal will be influenced by factors including the sub-type and strain of virus involved, the age, route of infection (respiratory or venereal) stage of the reproductive cycle, and the immune status of the animal, which may have passive immunity via maternal derived antibodies (MDA) or active immunity following vaccination or previous infection.