Gaseous Nitrogen and Bacterial Responses to Raw and Digested Dairy Manure Applications in Incubated Soil

摘要

A study was conducted under laboratory conditions to compare rates of nitrous oxide (N_2O) and ammonia (NH_3) emissions when soil was amended with anaerobically digested dairy manure slurry containing <30% food byproducts, raw dairy manure slurry, or urea. Slurries were applied via surface and subsurface methods. A second objective was to correlate genes regulating nitrification and denitrifica- tion with rates of N_2O production, slurry treatment, and application method. Ammonia volatilization from incubated soil ranged from 140 g kg~(-1) of total N applied in digested slurry to 230 g kg~(-1) in urea. Subsurface application of raw dairy manure slurry decreased ammonia volatilization compared with surface application. Anaerobic digestion increased N_2O production. Cumulative N_2O loss averaged 27 g kg~(-1) of total N applied for digested slurry, compared with 5 g kg~(-1) for raw dairy slurry. Genes of interest included a 16S rRNA gene selective for β-subgroup proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizers, amoA, narG, and nosZ quantified with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). Application of anaerobically digested slurry increased nitrifier and denitrifier gene copies that correlated with N_2O production. Expression of all genes measured via mRNA levels was affected by N applications to soil. This study provides new information linking genetic markers in denitrifier and nitrifier populations to N_2O production.