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Genome-wide analysis of ionotropic receptors provides insight into their evolution in Heliconius butterflies

机译:离子受体的全基因组分析可深入了解其在Heliconius蝴蝶中的进化

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Background In a world of chemical cues, smell and taste are essential senses for survival. Here we focused on Heliconius , a diverse group of butterflies that exhibit variation in pre- and post-zygotic isolation and chemically-mediated behaviors across their phylogeny. Our study examined the ionotropic receptors, a recently discovered class of receptors that are some of the most ancient chemical receptors . Results We found more ionotropic receptors in Heliconius (31) than in Bombyx mori (25) or in Danaus plexippus (27). Sixteen genes in Lepidoptera were not present in Diptera. Only IR7d4 was exclusively found in butterflies and two expansions of IR60a were exclusive to Heliconius . A genome-wide comparison between 11 Heliconius species revealed instances of pseudogenization, gene gain, and signatures of positive selection across the phylogeny. IR60a2b and IR60a2d are unique to the H. melpomene , H. cydno, and H. timareta clade, a group where chemosensing is likely involved in pre-zygotic isolation. IR60a2b also displayed copy number variations (CNVs) in distinct populations of H. melpomene and was the only gene significantly higher expressed in legs and mouthparts than in antennae, which suggests a gustatory function. d N /d S analysis suggests more frequent positive selection in some intronless IR genes and in particular in the sara/sapho and melpomene/cydno/timareta clades. IR60a1 was the only gene with an elevated d N /d S along a major phylogenetic branch associated with pupal mating. Only IR93a was differentially expressed between sexes. Conclusions All together these data make Heliconius butterflies one of the very few insects outside Drosophila where IRs have been characterized in detail. Our work outlines a dynamic pattern of IR gene evolution throughout the Heliconius radiation which could be the result of selective pressure to find potential mates or host-plants.
机译:背景技术在化学提示的世界中,气味和味道是生存的基本感觉。在这里,我们聚焦于Heliconius,这是一组蝴蝶,它们在合子之前和之后的分离以及整个系统发育过程中的化学介导行为均表现出差异。我们的研究检查了离子型受体,这是最近发现的一类受体,是最古老的化学受体。结果我们发现,Heliconius(31)中的离子受体比家蚕(25)或Danaus plexippus(27)中的离子受体更多。双翅目中不存在鳞翅目中的十六个基因。仅IR7d4仅在蝴蝶中发现,而IR60a的两个扩展是Heliconius专有的。在11个Heliconius物种之间进行的全基因组比较显示了假基因生成,基因增益和整个系统发育中阳性选择的特征。 IR60a2b和IR60a2d对于H. melpomene,H。cydno和H. timareta进化枝而言是独特的,这两个群体的化学感应作用可能与合子前的分离有关。 IR60a2b还在H. melpomene的不同种群中显示出拷贝数变异(CNV),并且是唯一在腿和嘴巴中表达高于触角的基因,这表明它具有味觉功能。 d N / d S分析表明,在一些无内含子的IR基因中,尤其是在sara / sapho和melpomene / cydno / timareta进化枝中,阳性选择更为频繁。 IR60a1是唯一沿着与N交配相关的主要系统发育分支的d N / d S升高的基因。性别之间仅IR93a差异表达。结论综上所述,所有这些数据使Heliconius蝴蝶成为果蝇以外很少几个对IR进行了详细描述的昆虫之一。我们的工作概述了整个Heliconius辐射中IR基因进化的动态模式,这可能是寻找潜在伴侣或寄主植物的选择性压力的结果。

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