C‐bands on chromosomes of 32 beetle species (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Cantharidae, Oedemeridae, Cerambycidae, Anthicidae, Chrysomelidae, Attelabidae and Curculionidae)

摘要

The order Coleoptera has approximately 350?000 known species. The diploid chromosomal number, chromosome morphology and the type of sex determination system are known only for some of them (Smith and Virkki 1978; Serrano and Yadav 1984; Petitpierre 1988, Petitpierre et al. 1988; Serrano et al. 1994; Lachowska et al. 1998b). The great majority of cytogenetic analyses were based on the squash technique. Banding techniques such as the C-banding pattern allow for a better characterization of beetle karyotypes and selectively reveal chromosome regions consisting of constitutive heterochromatin, therefore offering much more information on karyotype architecture. There are some data on C-banding karyotypes of Coleoptera in Carabidae (Ro?ek and Maryańska-Nadachowska 1991; Ro?ek and Rudek 1992; Ro?ek 1995, 1998a, 1998b; Angus et al. 2000; Ro?ek and Lachowska 2001, 2003), Cicindelidae (Proen ?a et al. 2002a, 2002b), Hydrophilidae (Angus 1982, 1983), Silphidae (Ro?ek and Lachowska 2001), Staphylinidae (Lachowska and Pa?nik 2000), Meloidae (Almeida et al. 2000), Elateridae (Ro?ek and Lachowska 2001), Bruchidae (Garaud and Lecher 1982; Ro?ek et al. 1999), Coccinellidae (Ennis 1974; Maffei et al. 2000; Ro?ek and Holecová 2002), Scarabaeidae (Colombo et al. 1996; Ro?ek and Lachowska 2001), Tenebrionidae (Juan and Petitpierre 1989; Juan et al. 1991, 1993; Pons et al. 1993; Almeida et al. 2000), Chrysomelidae (Postiglioni and Brum-Zorrilla 1975; Virkki 1983), Apionidae (Holecová et al. 2002b), Curculionidae (Hsiao and Hsiao 1984; Holecová et al. 1997; Ro?ek and Holecová 2000). It seems that the main reason for the small quantity of data is the limited amount of heterochromatin in the chromosomes of most species of beetles. All chromosomes obtained from spermatogonial cells possess C-banded segments visible during pachytene and diplotene. When the chromosomes become more condensed during the mitotic metaphase, diakinesis, metaphase I and II, short heterochromatic segments are weakly visible or undetectable (Holecová et al. 2002b). There are also some species with large heteropycnotic parts of chromosomes visible during all nuclear divisions, namely the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, and other tenebrionids, and also species from the genus Bembidion (Carabidae) which show very conspicuous blocks of procentric C-bands in almost all chromosomes (Juan and Petitpierre 1989; Juan et al. 1991, 1993; Plohl et al. 1993; Ro?ek and Lachowska 2003; Ugarkovic et al. 1994). The constitutive heterochromatin in the chromosomes of species having large heteropycnotic parts is found in the centromeric region. Some species also show additional heterochromatic regions in the interstitial and/or telomeric regions. In the X chromosome, C-positive segments are usually present in the centromeric region or distributed along the chromosome, while the Y chromosome is often completely euchromatic.Determination of the C-banding patterns of chromosomes is an initial attempt to gain better insight into the cytogenetic evolution of Coleoptera. The aim of the present paper is (1) to describe karyotypes for 18 beetle species examined for the first time, (2) to analyze the C-banding patterns on chromosomes of 32 species, and (3) to investigate whether the small amount of heterochromatin is characteristic for genus, tribe or family.