Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in embryogenesis. A recently discovered set of homeobox genes – the Rhox genes – are expressed during both embryogenesis and in adult reproductive tissues. The 33 known mouse Rhox genes are clustered together in a single region on the X chromosome, while likely descendents of the primodial Rhox cluster, Arx and Esx1 , have moved to other positions on the X chromosome. Here, we summarize what is known about the regulation and function of Rhox cluster and Rhox -related genes during embryogenesis and gametogenesis. The founding member of the Rhox gene cluster – Rhox5 (previously known as Pem ) – has been studied in the most depth and thus is the focus of this review. We also discuss the unusually rapid evolution of the Rhox gene cluster.
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