Livestock Production - The twenty first century's food revolution (Discussion paper on the donor community's role in securing a poverty oriented commercialization of livestock production in the developing world)

摘要

ThisdiscussionpaperattemptstopresentsomeofthefutureconditionsforlivestockproductionindevelopingcountriesandtheoptionsDonorsasDanidahasforsupportingdifferentstrategiesfordevelopmentwithinthissector.Theglobalfoodmarketisundergoingmajorchanges,especiallyinthedevelopingworld.Drivenbyanincreasinglevelofincomeofalargenumberofcitydwellers,thepercapitaconsumptionoffoodofanimaloriginhasincreaseddramatically,especiallyinAsia.TheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstituteestimatedthattheglobaldemandwilldoubleby2020.Thispaperisbasedonrecentliterature,anddiscusspossibleconsequencesandchallenges.Onescenarioisthatthedemandwillbemetbylargescaleindustrialisedunits,anotherthatsmall-scaleproducerswilldeveloplivestockproductionthatcansatisfythedemandandthemarkets.Itisfoundthatwhereastechnologiesarereadilyavailableforindustrialisedproduction,developmentofacompetitivesmallholder-basedlivestockproduction,requiresholisticandcarefullyfocusedinterventions.Itisconcluded,thatamarket-drivendevelopmentinmanycountriescanbethesteppingstonerequiredforsmall-scalefarmerstoenterintoacasheconomy.Itisalsoconcludedthatalaissezfairelivestockpolicywillleadtoaskeweddevelopmentthatby-passesandneglectsthecommercialpotentialofthesmallholdersectorandanopportunityforfightingruralpovertyismissed.Mainfindingsare:Industrialisedlarge-scalelivestockproductionisexpandingduetoeconomiesofscale,verticalintegrationandhighdemandfortheproducts.Theindustrialisedproductionisoftenfavouredbymoreorlesshiddensubsidies,butitentailsenvironmentalhazardsandriskofenzooticdiseases,itchangesconsumerpreferencesandtendtomarginalizesmall-scaleproducersandhaveanegativeimpactoneconomicgrowthandemploymentinruralareas.Thereforethegovernments,withtheassistanceofthedonors,shouldconsiderto:Supportinterventionstopromotedevelopmentofmodernsmallholderlivestockproductionsystems,whichsatisfyconsumer'srequirementsforquantityandquality.Establishenablingagriculturalpolicies,infrastructureandverticalintegration,thatwillpromoteprivateinvestmentandinterventionsinthelivestocksector.Promoteandsupportresearchandadvisoryserviceswithfocusonparticularproblemsandtechnologiesrelatedtosmallholderproductionsystems.Imposerulesandregulationsrelatedtoenvironmentalimpactofindustrializedlivestockproductionafterthequot;polluterpaysquot;principle.Supportenvironmentalprotectionandassistinsolvingproblemswithcollectionandutilizationofeffluentsfromindustriallivestockproduction.Developveterinaryrulesandregulationsrequiredforprotectionofpublichealth.Empowerproducerorganisationstoenablefarmerstoinfluenceagriculturalpoliciesandtoplayamuchneededactiveroleinthedialoguewithgovernmentfordevelopmentofappropriatepoliciesandstrategiesforthesmallholdersector.Furthermore,smallholdersasindividualshavedifficultiesinprofitingfromtheurbanmarket,theyhavetoorganizetobecomeanimportantplayerinthelivestockindustryDonorslikeDanida,withpoliciesforagricultureandlivestockaswellasobjectivesofsupporttopovertyalleviation,areinprincipleinlinewiththefindings,butitisperhapslessclearinactualinitiatives,asstipulatedinthepresentguidelineswherethegovernmentisthecentralpartnerfortheDanishassistance.Inthefuture,itisimportanttofocusmoreontheparticipationofthefarmingcommunityandtofacilitateagro-industrialdevelopmentthroughmarketstudies;businessplans;educationfortheagroindustryandfeasibilitystudiesforthelivestockindustry.