Importance of the neuroendocrine brain for health and happiness has become clear since the 1960s. Foundations laid 100 years ago culminated in Geoffrey W Harris’s model of control by the brain of secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary gland hormones through, respectively, releasing factors secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system, and directly from axon terminals into the systemic circulation. Confirmation, expansion and deepening of knowledge and understanding have followed increasingly sophisticated technology. This allowed chemical characterisation of the posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, the releasing factors, their receptors and genes, location of the neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus, and how their activity is controlled, including by neural and hormonal feedback, and how hormone rhythms are generated. Wider roles of these neurons and their peptides in the brain are now recognised: in reproductive and social behaviours, emotions and appetite. Plasticity and epigenetic programming of neuroendocrine systems have emerged as important features.
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机译:自1960年代以来,神经内分泌大脑对于健康和幸福的重要性就变得显而易见。 100年前奠定的基金会最终达到了Geoffrey W Harris的大脑垂体前叶激素和分泌垂体后叶激素分泌的控制模型,分别通过释放分泌到下丘脑-垂体下垂门系统中的因子,并直接从轴突末端释放到体循环中。知识,理解的确认,扩展和加深是随着越来越复杂的技术而发展的。这样可以对垂体后叶激素,催产素和加压素,释放因子,它们的受体和基因,下丘脑中神经分泌神经元的位置以及如何控制其活性(包括通过神经和激素反馈)以及激素节律的化学特征进行化学表征。生成。现在已经认识到这些神经元及其肽在大脑中的广泛作用:在生殖和社交行为,情感和食欲中。神经内分泌系统的可塑性和表观遗传程序已成为重要特征。
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