美国海军“海豹”特种作战部队投放系统

摘要

作为美国核潜艇重要关键技术之一,输送与回收特种作战部队已成为美国海军高度重视的发展目标.20世纪90年代初期,美国海军提出了先进的“海豹”特种作战部队投放系统(Advanced SEAL Delivery System,ASDS)概念.经过一段时期的研究和论证之后,于1994年正式启动ASDS建造计划.ASDS是一种有人驾驶的“干式”常压微型作战潜器,能在高危环境中隐蔽投放“海豹”特种作战队( Sea-Air-Land Team,SEAL)及其装备,降低队员登陆风险.使SEAL队员在运载过程中处于温暖而干燥的环境中.同时,ASDS可通过潜艇进行部署,性能卓越,在航程、装载量、可靠性、续航力、舒适性和通信/探测能力等方面均具有出色的性能.但由于ASDS在设计上存在致命缺陷,且计划管理不善,致使这项计划在执行了十多年后,最终夭折.本文分析了ASDS的研制背景、计划执行情况及研制过程中存在的问题,以及ASDS计划被取消的原因,较为全面地反映了ASDS计划的整个研制过程.%As one of the US Navy's nuclear submarine important key technology, the transport and recovery of special operations forces have become the development goal highly regarded by the US Navy. In early 1990,the US Navy put forward the concept of the Advanced SEAL Delivery System. After a period of research and demonstration, the construction plan of ASDS formally started in 1994. ASDS is a manned dry combatant mini-submarine capable of stealthily delivering SEAL personnel and their equipments in a high-threat environment, it was designed to reduce the risk to Navy SEALs when making the transit from a submarine to shore. SEALs can remain warm and dry environment. Also, ASDS is a submarine-deployed craft of unrivaled capability with improved range, payload, on-station loiter time, endurance, habitability and communication/sensor capacity over legacy SDVs. There are design deficiencies on ASDS,and the program was suffered from insufficient management attention, after more than ten years, the plan finally aborted midway. This paper discussed the development of ASDS plan's background, performance circumstance, problems in the process, and the reasons of cancelling ASDS plan and tries to reflect the whole development process of ASDS plan.