CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Department of Engineering and Applied Physics;
University of Science and Technology of China;
Hefei 230026;
Peopleʼs Republic of China;
International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics;
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology;
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering;
Huazhong University of Science and Technology;
Wuhan 430074;
Peopleʼs Republic of China;
Department of Engineering Physics;
University of Wisconsin-Madison;
Madison;
WI 53706;
United States of America;
Pakistan Tokamak Plasma Research Institute;
Islamabad 3329;
Pakistan;
Department of Plasma Physics and Fusion Engineering;
University of Science and Technology of China;
Hefei 230026;
People’s Republic of China;
massive gas injection; MHD instabilities; major disruption; minor disruption;