作物土传病害的危害及防治技术

摘要

近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3～5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题.本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化.介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术.种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍.%In recent 20 years,the area of protected land expanded very rapidly in China.Because of rapid development of protected agriculture and intensive cultivation,the occurrence of soil-borne diseases and nematodes are getting more and more serious.Crop yield and quality are affected after 3-5 years' cultivation.In past 20 years,the occurrence and succession of soil-borne diseases in major crops,such as maize,wheat,cotton,soybean,oilseed rape as well as high-value crops,such as cucumber,tomato,eggplant,pepper,and melons were described in this paper.Strategies and measures for control of soil-borne diseases,including agricultural methods such as rotation,resistant cultivars,grafting,soil amendment,biofumigation,and anaerobic soil disinfestation,physical methods such as solarization,steam,hot water treatment,and flaming,soil fumigation such as chloropicrin,dazomet,metham sodium,DMDS,AITC,sulfuryl fluoride,etc.,biological control agents,such as Trichoderma,Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomonas fluorescens,etc.,as well as integrated pest management and technologies of seed and seedling treatment were also summarized in the paper.