山地资源型城市地理条件复杂,近现代人类活动强烈,环境破坏严重,生态脆弱,易受气候变化影响下水资源配置与利用失衡而引发水安全问题.我国西南山区近几十年来受气候变暖影响极端干旱灾害频发,加之资源型城市地区长期存在水污染问题,区内居民水安全风险较大.本研究以昆明市东川区为例,分析其近年来社会经济发展与水资源量变化趋势;并对不同海拔梯度自然村进行农村饮水、灌溉用水问卷调查;对区内主要河流进行水质采样、以分析东川现存水安全问题并提出相应对策措施.结果显示,东川区近年来水资源量有减少趋势,农业发展增速缓慢;同时区内存在水量、水质两类水安全问题;干旱期,中、高山区以山泉作为主要水源、及雨水作为主要灌溉用水的自然村常存在用水量短缺问题;大部分河流均受到不同程度重金属污染,河流水资源难以利用;河谷区人畜饮水及灌溉用水受河流水质恶化影响较重.研究提出应对措施:对中高山等水源涵养区进行生态修复;严格控制重金属排放,恢复河流水质;以及加强小水利设施建设,提高水资源利用效率.东川是典型的西南山地资源型城市,其水安全问题有一定的代表性,本研究可为上述地区水土资源耦合调控提供一定借鉴.%Mountain resource-based cities,for its complicated geography condition,intense human activities and serious pollution,are vulnerable to the imbalance of water resources allocation and utilization under the climate change,which causes severe water security problems.Dongchuan district is a typical resource-based city in the Southwest Mountainous Region in China,which was double threatened by water quantity decrease and quality deterioration under the regional drought in recent years.In this study,the water in 13 rivers include main streams and tributaries in Dongchuan was sampled;and 63 questionnaires were investigated for the drinking water and irrigation difficulties of the Natural villages in different altitude,in order to analyze the existing water security problems and propose Strategies and solutions.The results showed that,most of the rivers in Dongchuan are polluted by heavy metals in several degrees,which means rivers are hard to utilize;those villages which use springs for their drinking water and rain for the irrigation in middle or high mountain area (altitude more than 1 600 m) would have higher risks of water shortages in drought period,and the natural village in the valley would strongly infected by the river pollution for their farmland irrigation largely depend on rivers.To solve the problems above,firstly,heavy metal emissions should be control strictly and the water quality in rivers should be recovered;secondly,the damaged vegetation,especially the forest,in the middle and high mountain area should be restored,which could provide stable water supply for the region;thirdly,the construction of small water conservancy facilities could be great improvement for the utilization efficiency of water resources.The status of water security in Dongchuan has universality in Mountain resource-based cities.The strategies provided in this study could give effective references for the prevention and control of water security problems in these areas.
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