应用环境微生物治理淡水湖泊微囊藻毒素污染的研究进展

摘要

近年来,随着水体富营养化程度的加剧,蓝藻水华现象时有发生,蓝藻及其释放的藻毒素对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁.在各种藻毒素中,以微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)毒性最强,对人类危害也最大,微囊藻毒素的化学性质相对稳定且难以通过常规水处理方法消除,因此如何有效去除环境中的MCs是国内外普遍关注的难题.研究发现自然界中的微生物能够有效降解和消除MCs污染,由此产生的环保技术极具应用价值.本文主要概述了微囊藻毒素的产生机理、化学结构以及毒性危害,总结了微囊藻毒素的自然分解过程以及微生物群落对微囊藻毒素的响应机制,重点分析了微生物群落在微囊藻毒素污染控制技术中的潜在应用,并对应用微生物技术治理微囊藻毒素污染的技术瓶颈提出了建议,以期加速微囊藻毒素微生物降解技术的完善和应用.%With the development of eutrophication in freshwater lakes in the past decades, harmful cyanobacteria blooms (CyanoHABs) have become more frequent and with worse extends around the world. Many of these CyanoHABs produce cyanotoxins, often microcystins (MCs), and threaten human health and the environments, MCs are chemically stable, however they can be effectively degraded through microbial process, which has a great potential in applications for environment-friendly water treatments and environmental protection. In this review, we summarized the chemical structure, toxicity and degradation of microcystins, with the emphasis on microbial decomposition processes of microcystins and their potential application in water treatment and environmental protection.