油气地震地质模型述评

摘要

Oil and gas seismogeology is more quantitative than other branches in geology for its employing seismic prospecting in petroleum industry and the need of quantitative research of underground objects in oil&gas explo-ration and development. Oil and gas seismogeology model plays an important role in corresponding quantitative researches. There are many seismogeology models with the research development of oil and gas seismogeology and its applications in petroleum industry. Oil and gas seismogeology models are often referred as the results of integrated seismogeology research,for this reason,it can be divided into four categories:geological structure model,strata sedimentary model,reservoir geological model and fluid distribution model. Based on these categories, this paper elaborated seismic migration,seismic sedimentology,seismic inversion imaging,seismic reservoir characterization methods driven by physical or datum model and seismic fluid identification,and all these tech-nologies are linked closely with all kinds of seismogeology models mentioned above. In view of the integrality and systematicness of integrated seismic geology research,the scale difference and coupling pattern between seis-mogeology models should be taken seriously. Combined with the recent development of seismic exploration,this paper discussed reverse time migration,seismic inversion imaging marked by full waveform inversion,seismic reservoir characterization methods driven by physical or datum model,seismic fluid identification based on seismic frequency and phase variation,and their influence on seismogeology model research.%随着地震技术在石油工业界的广泛应用,加上油气勘探开发进程对地下地质情况提出的量化研究的需求,油气地震地质日益成为地质学中定量化研究程度较高的一个领域,而油气地震地质模型在量化研究中扮演了重要的角色.因应于油气地震地质相关研究领域的进展及应用实践,油气地震地质模型也种类繁多.从研究成果的承载形式出发,油气地震地质模型可以分为地质构造模型、地层沉积模型、储层地质模型和流体分布模型等四大类.首先对和这几类地震地质模型关系密切的地震偏移成像技术、地震沉积学分析方法、地震反演成像技术、物理模型和数据模型驱动的地震储层预测方法以及地震流体检测技术等进行阐述.考虑到地震地质研究的整体性和系统性,又对不同模型之间的尺度差异及耦合关系进行了分析.最后,结合近年来地震勘探技术进展,对逆时偏移成像技术、以全波形反演为代表的地震反演成像技术、物理模型及数据模型驱动的地震储层预测方法、基于频率和相位变化的地震流体检测技术等技术方法可能会给地震地质模型综合研究带来的影响进行了简要阐述.