超越康德伦理学的三条路径——黑格尔、叔本华和舍勒对康德伦理学的批判和超越

摘要

Kant's ethics,which Kant himself calls "the metaphysics of morals",is a rational ethics,because its basic moral principles are said to be promulgated by pure practical reason.This ethic has been subjected to various forms of criticism since it emerged.In the German philosophy,Hegel,Schopenhauer and Max Scheler's critique and transcendence of Kant's ethics finds expression in three approaches.From the point of the mode of thinking,Hegel replaces Kant's abstract understanding with his speculative reason,and thus transcends Kant's ethics in the aspect of rationalism.Schopenhauer puts the sympathy for the misfortunes of others,which is compassion,as a moral basis,whereby he transforms Kant's rationalism as an irrational emotion-alism.Scheler tries to establish a priori and material value ethics,which is based on the intuition of essence of phenomenology.This fundamentally transcends the common presupposition of Kant himself and his supporters and critics:Only pure form is a priori,and any material is a posteriori.%被康德本人称为"道德形而上学"的伦理学是一种理性主义伦理学,因为其基本道德原则被说成是由"纯粹实践理性"颁布的.这种伦理学自问世起,就遭到了形形色色的批判.在德国哲学界,黑格尔、叔本华和马克斯·舍勒对康德伦理学的批判和超越,构成了三条各具特色的超越之路.从思维方式的角度看,黑格尔以其思辨理性取代了康德的抽象知性,由此沿着理性主义的方向超越了康德伦理学;叔本华把对他人不幸的同情即恻隐之心当作道德的基础,由此将康德的理性主义转换为一种非理性的情感主义;舍勒则试图立足于现象学的本质直观,建立起一种先天的、质料的价值伦理学,这就从根本上超越了康德本人及其拥护者和批判者的共同预设:只有纯粹形式才是先天的,任何质料都是后天的.