Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Management;
Control and Cycle Repair Technology for Traffic Network Facilities in Ecological Security Barrier Area;
College of Transportation Engineering;
Chang'an University;
Xi'an 710064;
China;
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering;
Guangdong University of Technology;
Guangzhou 510006;
China;
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering;
University of Texas at Arlington;
Arlington;
TX 76019;
USA;
Roads; Life-cycle assessment; Carbon dioxide emissions; Emission reduction technologies;