美国大学体育协会第一级别大学体育部门经济行为特征分析

摘要

The development of athletic departments is influenced by both NCAA provisions con-straints and financial incentives.The research selects a panel of revenue and expenditure data of 22 1 NCAA Division I athletic departments over the period of 2006-2013.Revenue data is divided into six categories:ticket sales,student fees,school funds,contributions,rights and licensing,and oth-er revenue.Expenditure data is divided into four categories:scholarships,coaching staff,building and grounds,and other expenditures,and econometric model is used to analyze the economic char-acteristic of their behavior and to dissect its internal factor.The results showed that 1 )Increased ex-penditures for coaches induced by increased total revenue are many times than the direct expendi-tures for athletes,which further expanded in automatic qualifying conferences.2 )Ticket sales are the most important revenue stream in explaining increases in total expenditures,particularly for Bowl Championship Series (BCS)or automatic qualifying (AQ)conferences schools.3)Increasing reve-nue for ticket sales and contributions reduces the athletic subsidy of BCS or AQ schools.4)Chan-ging conferences increases total revenue and total expenditures in BCS and AQ schools.5 )Com-pared to school without a football team,both total revenue and total expenditures increase in school with a football team,which reflected mainly by ticket sales in revenue categories and scholarships in expenditure categories.Huge revenue brought by the rapid of athletics sports of NCAA gradually in-fluenced the economic behavior of athletic departments.Stadium upgrades and supplemental facili-ties had created "arms race",while little of that money has gone to player compensation,which substantially and severely distorted the labor market for collegiate athletes.%美国大学竞技体育的发展受NCAA条款制约和经济激励的双重因素影响。选取2006－2013年间221所NCAA第一级别大学体育部门的收入和支出数据，将收入分为票务销售、学生费用、学校经费、出资捐赠、版权许可和其他收入共6种类型，支出分为奖学金、教练团队，场馆场地和其他支出共4种类型，采用计量经济学模型分析其经济行为特征，并剖析其内因。结果发现：1）总收入增加导致教练团队支出的增加远远高出运动员直接支出的增加，这种差距在顶级联盟大学中进一步被拉大。2）票务销售收入的增加是导致总支出增加最重要的因素。3）票务销售和出资捐赠的增加会导致顶级联盟大学体育津贴的减少。4）更改联盟导致顶级联盟大学的总收入和总支出呈现大幅度的增加。5）拥有橄榄球项目使得大学的总收入和总支出相应增加，在支出方面主要导致奖学金支出的增加，在收入方面主要导致票务销售收入的增加。NCAA竞技体育的快速发展所带来的巨额收入逐渐影响到大学的经济行为。各大学体育部门在硬件设施上展开了“军备竞赛”，而在运动员直接收入方面投入极少，这一现象严重制约了大学生运动员劳动力市场的良性发展。