北极核污染治理的国际法分析与思考

摘要

北极地区是军事大国密布的地区，核威胁一直存在。近年来人类对北极能源和航道的开发更是直接导致了北极地区的再军事化。核设施的不断发展、核能利用中放射性事故的频发以及核恐怖主义威胁的加大使得北极放射性核污染治理问题日渐突出。既存的治理法律制度和合作框架发挥作用有限，表现在相关法律规定明确排出了军事污染来源，国际军控条约没有考虑到国际环境法的基本原则，国家责任也存在不当免除。基于上述问题，未来治理路径一方面要注重不同法域间的协调并明确有关各方的国家责任，另一方面，基于核污染议题所具有的双重属性，软法还应继续发挥主导作用，并最终形成稳定且有约束力的治理法律机制。%The Arctic region is an area thick with military superpowers ,and the nuclear threat has al‐ways been existing .The exploitation and utilization of energy and passage of the Arctic in recent years has directly led to the remilitarization in this region .Since the end of the cold war ,the development of national nuclear facilities ,the frequent occurrence of nuclear radiation accident and the increasing threat of nuclear terrorism have all made the problem of radioactive pollution in the Arctic become increasingly prominent . The existing legal system and cooperation framework play a very limited role ,which is reflected in the fol‐lowing way :some relevant laws exclude military pollution sources ,arms control treaties always ignore the values of international environment law ,and there is improper exemption from state responsibility .Based on the above issues ,the future path of governance can be carried out at two levels .On the one hand ,all parties should concentrate not only on the coordination among different jurisdictions but also must clearly state responsibility from related parties .On the other hand ,based on the nature of dual property ,soft law still needs to play the leading role and then ultimately establishes a stable and legally binding mechanism .