Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

摘要

Total suspended particulate mater(TSP)concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April2003 in Jakarta City.Thirteen elemental TSP components,aluminum(Al),sodium(Na),iron(Fe),lead(Pb),potassium(K),zinc(Zn),titanium(Ti),manganese(Mn),bromine(Br),copper(Cu),chromium(Cr),nickel(Ni),and vanadium(V)were analyzed by asequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.Al,Na,Fe,K,and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000.However,only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth.The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1,2001 in JakartaCity and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth,too.The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leadedgasoline,as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.