生态风险评价框架进展研究

摘要

生态风险评价是评价生态压力引起的不利生态效应的可能性的过程,可为环境风险管理提供理论及技术支持. 生态风险评价框架是一套标准化的方法体系,规定了生态风险评价的总体工作内容、技术路线、关键方法步骤和各阶段产出成果,为生态风险评价的科学方法有效转化为生态环境管理策略提供途径. 从20世纪90年代起,以美国为代表的一批发达国家逐步构建了生态风险评价技术框架,并颁布了一系列相关标准、导则和技术文件,直接支撑了上述国家生态环境保护相关的现行法律法规,影响了有关国家的生态环境管理与决策. 而我国对于生态风险评价的具体实施还缺乏规范性的指导方法. 该文以美国、英国和澳大利亚的4套与土壤环境污染关系密切的生态风险评价框架为例,介绍国际生态风险评价框架的内容,并结合我国在环境影响评价和农药安全评价领域的生态风险评价方法研究进展,对我国生态风险评价框架的研究发展方向进行分析.%Ecological risk assessment ( ERA) is a process of evaluating possibilities of ecological stressors generating ad-verse ecological effects, so that, it may provide some theoretical and technical support for management of environmental risks. An ERA framework is a system of standardized procedures and methods that defines the general contents, technical route, and critical steps and procedures of ERA and corresponding products of each phase, thus providing paths for effi-cient transformation of the scientific methods of ERA into eco-environment management strategies. Starting from the 1990s′, some developed countries, such as the United States, have gradually developed technical frameworks for ERA with a series of relevant standards, guidelines and technical documents, which directly supports the eco-environment-pro-tection-related laws and regulations under enforcement, and influences decision-making concerning eco-environment pro-tection and management of eco-environment in these countries. However, in China, there are no standardized guidelines and methods available for practical implementation of ERA. Four sets of ERA frameworks closely related to soil environ-ment pollution prevailing in the USA, UK and Australia were taken as examples to introduce contents of international ERA frameworks. In addition, analysis was done of directions of the development of researches on ERA framework of China, taking into account the advancement in the study on methods for ERA in the fields of environmental impact assessment and pesticide safety assessment.