江浙沪地区农村生活污水污染调查

摘要

To provide a scientific basis for accurate calculation of pollutant load of rural domestic wastewater, a survey was unfolded by means of questionnaire in the Taihu Lake watershed to investigate consumption of water and wastewater generation in daily life and spatial distribution and fate of the wastewater in the rural areas. It is found that daily water con⁃sumption per capita of farm households is significantly and positively related to income level of the households and the highest in the plain of Shanghai. As influenced by factors such as water source and water price, it is higher in the hilly are⁃as than in the plain areas in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. Spatial variation of annual domestic water consumption and wastewater generation is related to terrain, resident population, farmer′s income level and economic development of the towns or villages. Although septic tanks are quite popularized in rural areas of the Taihu Lake Valley, they are used to pool toilet sewage and some bathroom wastewater and kitchen sewage only for primary treatment. About 30%-50% of the toilet wastewater is discharged directly into rivers after being treated in septic tanks. The pollution it brings about to the surface water environment cannot be ignored. Obviously the existing sewage treatment facilities can hardly effectively reduce the pressure of the discharge of rural domestic sewage on the surface water environment.%采用问卷调查的方法，研究了太湖流域农村生活用水量、污水产生量、空间分布及生活污水去向，为准确核算农村生活污水污染物负荷提供科学依据。结果表明：农户人均日用水量与农户收入水平之间呈显著正相关关系，上海平原区农户人均日用水量最高。受生活水源和水价约束等因素的影响，江苏和浙江丘陵区农户平均日用水量高于平原区。各乡镇年用水量与生活污水污染物的空间差异主要与所处地形区、常住人口数量、农民收入水平以及地区经济发展不均衡有关。虽然化粪池在太湖流域农村地区得到了普及使用，但是只有厕所污水和一部分浴室、厨房污水被收集起来进入化粪池进行初步处理，30％～50％的厕所污水经初步处理以后排入河流，对地表水环境造成的污染不容忽视。现有的污水处理设施并不能有效减轻流域内农村生活污水排放对地表水环境的压力。