2013-2016年云南拉市海湿地冬季水鸟变化及影响因素分析

摘要

Lashihai,a RAMSAR wetland,is a famous plateau lake and wintenng place tor migratory bircts in me northwest of Yunnan Province.In order to understand the changes of waterfowl and their habitat in Lashihai wetland,the linetransect survey had been conducted during the winter season (November to March) of 2013,2014 and 2016.The results show that a total of 45 species of waterfowl,belonging to 15 families 11 orders,were recorded in winter,in which 9 species were resident and 36 were migratory birds.The population of Rallidae in Gruiformes is the largest,accounted for 90.08％ of all.The maximum population of waterfowl recorded on a single-day was over 130 000.Among them,one species was the national first-grade protected bird and four species were the national second-grade protected bird.The Fulica atra was dominant species,and Gallinula chloropus,Anser anser and Anas strepera were common species.Both the annual average population and species number of waterfowl in Lashihai wetland were increased over years,and the variance-analysis show that the change of species number among years was significant (P＜0.001).The population and species number of waterfowl both reached the peak in February;the monthly mean diversity index H was increasing month by month.The factors potentially influencing waterfowl of Lashihai include the decrease of feeding sites and the increase of tourism activities.Up to now,the tourism projects and routes have not directly threatened the waterfowl.In conclusion,the quality of waterfowl's habitats in Lashihai has been maintained,but the conservation of major protected species needs more attention and research.Suggestions for waterfowl monitoring and habitats protection in Lashihai have been put forward,which would also provide reference for waterfowl conservation in other areas.%云南丽江拉市海是滇西北著名的高原湖泊和候鸟重要越冬地,被列为国际重要湿地.为了研究拉市海湿地水鸟资源及其生境变化,2013、2014和2016年每年冬季对拉市海水鸟进行样线监测,结果显示,所监测到的水鸟共计11目15科45种,其中,9种为留鸟,36种为冬候鸟或旅鸟;以鹤形目秧鸡科水鸟为最多,占所有水鸟总数的90.08％;单日监测数量最高可达13万余只;国家Ⅰ级保护种类有1种,Ⅱ级有5种;白骨顶(Fulica atra)为优势种,红骨顶(Gallinula chloropus)、灰雁(Anser anser)和赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)为常见种.拉市海年均水鸟数量和种类都呈递增趋势;方差分析显示,年际间水鸟种类变化差异极显著(P＜0.001).拉市海2月水鸟数量、种类均达到峰值;月均多样性指数H值呈逐月递增趋势.影响拉市海冬季水鸟的因素有周边觅食地的减少和人类旅游活动增加2个方面,目前旅游项目和路线尚未对水鸟构成直接威胁.综上所述,拉市海水鸟的生境质量维持较好,但需要加强对重点保护鸟类的研究与保护.最后,针对丽江拉市海的水鸟监测及生境保护提出建议,该建议也可为其他湿地水鸟的保护提供参考.