农业生产中施用农药有助于节约劳动投入、抑制农作物病虫害和提高农业生产经济效益;然而过量施用农药,不但有损使用者健康,而且会危害食品安全,污染生态环境.从社会和私人利益最大化视角,应用农药环境测算工具、环境影响因子和损害控制模型,将水稻生产中农药过量施用的外部成本映射为对农药使用者、农产品消费者和环境中非靶标生物的危害损失,估算水稻生产中农药的最佳施用成本和过度施用成本.结果表明,当前我国水稻生产中农药过量施用现象较严重,2016年农药施用成本(以1990年不变价格计)为225.3元hm-2,分别是社会和私人最佳施用成本的1.45倍和1.22倍.1990年至今,水稻生产中农药施用的外部成本呈上升趋势,对环境的污染程度逐步加深.1990-2016年,水稻生产中农药外部成本由11.2增长至76.7元·hm-2,增长5.8倍,年均增长率高达7.3％.单位面积耕地农药的社会和私人最佳施用成本的数量和增速不一致.2016年农药的社会和私人最佳施用成本分别为155.5和184.0元·hm-2,后者比前者提高18.3％;1990-2016年,农药的社会和私人最佳施用成本之间的差距,由11.0增长至28.5元·hm-2,增长1.6倍,私人最佳施用成本增速快于社会最佳施用成本.因此,公共部门应合理规制高毒农药产量,发展低毒农药和生物农药,加强农药施用技术培训,推广农作物病虫害社会化防控,着重调和社会与私人利益最大化时农药施用成本不一致问题,并大力倡导有害生物综合防控或物理防治措施,从源头控制化学农药过量施用.%Applying of pesticides can help to save labor costs,inhibit crop pests and diseases and increase the economic benefits in agricultural production.However,excessive application of pesticides not only damages users' health,but also endangers food safety and pollutes the environment.From the perspective of maximizing social benefits and private benefits,the external costs of pesticide over-utilization in rice production was calculated,which includes the loss of pesti cide users,consumers of agricultural products and non-target organisms in the environment,by application of the pesticide environment accounting tools (PEA),environmental impact quotient (EIQ) and damage control models.Based on the results,it was estimated for the optimum cost of pesticide application and the cost of over-application.The results show that:(1) Now,it is quite serious for the excessive pesticide application in rice production in China.In 2016,the cost of pesticide application was 225.3 yuan · hm-2(at constant 1990 prices),which was respectively 1.45 times and 1.22 times of the optimum society and private pesticide application cost.(2) Since 1990,it was gradually increased and shown an upward trend for the external cost of pesticide application in rice production.From 1990 to 2016,it was increased from 11.2 to 76.7 yuan · hm-2 for the external cost of pesticide application in rice production,which was increased 5.8 times with 7.3％ rate of growth per year.(3) It is inconsistent in quantity and rate of growth for the optimal application of pesticide per hectare under the social and private interests.It was 155.5 and 184.0 yuan · hm-2,respectively for the optimum application cost of social and private pesticides in 2016,the latter was 18.3％ higher than the former.From 1990 to 2016,the gap was increased from 11.0 to 28.5 yuan · hm-2 between the pesticide best society application costs and the best private application costs.The growth rate of the optimum dosage for private farmer was faster than for the society.Therefore,the public sector should reasonably regulate the production of highly toxic pesticides,develop low-toxic pesticides and biological pesticides,strengthen the training of pesticide application technologies,promote the socialized prevention and control of crop pests and diseases,strengthen the integrative pest management approach,and vigorously promote the harmful biological comprehensive prevention or physical control measures,so as to solve the problem of excessive pesticide application and reconcile inconsistencies in pesticide application cost.
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