胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及环境效应

摘要

在湿地景观类型分类基础上,利用RS及GIS技术提取了1986、1995和2010年胶州湾滨海湿地的Landsat卫星假彩色合成影像的空间属性数据,利用斑块动态度、斑块密度指数、景观多样性指数、斑块破碎化指数研究了胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及累积环境效应.结果表明,1986～2010年胶州湾滨海湿地总面积减少,河流与河口湿地面积稍有增大,潮间带滩涂和潮上带湿地面积和斑块数减小；养殖池面积增大、斑块数增多,盐田面积减小、斑块数基本未变,增加了湿地公园这种新的人工湿地景观类型.期间,湿地的景观斑块密度指数、多样性指数和景观斑块破碎化指数增大了.上述湿地面积和景观格局变化是由围垦、城市化、港口和道路建设、河流径流量和输沙量减少、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、全球变暖、海面上升等因素引起的,并导致湿地生物多样化水平下降、有害植物入侵、环境净化功能降低、污染和赤潮灾害加重、植被退化演替、渔业资源衰退和湿地生态系统服务价值降低等累积环境效应.为减轻这些不利的累积环境效应,应采取建设湿地自然保护区、控制养殖池和盐田规模、发展工业循环经济和生态农业等措施保护胶州湾滨海湿地.%Based on the classification of wetland landscape, and by using remote sensing and GIS techniques, the Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 false color TM images of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay in 1986, 1995 and 2010 were obtained, and the landscape pattern changes and their cumulative environmental effects were studied with patch dynamic index, patch density index, landscape diversity index and patch fragmental index. From 1986 to 2010, the total area of the coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay decreased, but the area of river and estuary wetland increased slightly, the area of inter-tidal wentland and supper tidal wetlands increased and their patch numbers decreased. To artifical wetland landscape, the area and patch numbers of culture ponds increased, but the area of salt fields decreased and their patch numbers kept approximate constant, and wetland park has been congstructed since 2008 at eastern suburbs of Jiaozhou city. In correspponding, the patch density index, landscape diversity index and patch fragmental index of the coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay increased. The changes of area and landscape patterns of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay were induced by land reclamation, urbanization, port and road construction, runoff and sediment discharge decrease, coastal erosion, global warming, sea level rise, etc. The changes above lead to many cumulative environmental effects, such as biodiversity and environment purification service decrease, harmful alien plants invasion, contamination and red tidal getting more srious, coastal wetland vegetations and fishery resource degradation and coastal wetland ecosystem service value deciline. To reduce the harmful cumulative environmental effects of the coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay and to protect the coastal wetlands, some countermeasures, such as constructing natural reserve, limiting culture ponds and salt fields scale, developing cyclic economy and ecological agriculture to reduce fresh water usage and contamination are put forward.