德国环境损害赔偿法律制度研究及对中国立法的启示

摘要

环境损害赔偿法律制度包括私法责任和公法义务.德国立法上私法层面要以《环境责任法》为中心,以私权益的救济为首要价值取向,以第三方的实际人身和财产损失为主要赔偿范畴;公法层面以《环境损害和预防法》为核心,强调企业和个人经营者的预防义务,注重环境修复和风险预防,赔偿范围主要包括预防措施费用和环境的恢复费用.德国的环境损害赔偿制度并不强调对污染企业的苛责,旨在通过合理的赔偿金额设置,让企业能够改善生产模式,保证私权益得到及时救济.%The legal system of environmental damages includes both Tort liability and administrative obligations.In German, the 1990 'UmweltHG' is the core of environmental tort liability, the actual damage of personal health and private property are the category of compensation.The 2007'USchadG' is the main law of administrative obligations.This law focus on the prevention and remedying of environmental damage.The punishment of polluting enterprises is not the goal of the system.Instead, German attempted to ensure that the compensation will be paid in time, meanwhile those polluting enterprises could adjust their strategy of production by the system design of reparation.In addition, environmental liability insurance, group litigation, and information disclosure also help the victims to get their compensation.