Deep eutectic solvents are also called deep eutectic mixtures or low transition temperature mixtures. As a novel class of ionic liquid analogues, deep eutectic solvents have become more and more popular in many fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties, low cost, simple preparation process, non-toxicity, negligible vapor pressure, biodegradability, which are also tunable to achieve specific functionality by adjusting their constituents and compositions. In this paper, the common hydrogen bond donor and acceptor units as well as the classification of deep eutectic solvents are introduced. And the latest research progress on the formation mechanism of deep eutectic solvents and their applications as extracting agents, solvents and catalysts in the field of extraction and organic reaction, such as esterification, Fridel-Crafts, cyclization, condensation and multicomponent reaction are summarized. Also, the existing problems and solutions in developing deep eutectic solvents are discussed. Deep eutectic solvents will be a promising new generation of solvents and catalysts thanks to their adjustable structures and functions.%低共熔溶剂也称为低共熔混合物或者深共熔溶剂.作为一种新型离子液体类似物,低共熔溶剂具有独特的物理化学性质和成本低廉、制备过程简单、无毒、无蒸气压、易生物降解等诸多优点,并且可以通过调节组成成分的结构和比例,赋予其特定的功能性及可调变性,因此在很多领域有着越来越广泛的应用.本文介绍了低共熔溶剂的常见氢键供体和氢键受体组成单元与分类,概括了近年来对低共熔溶剂形成机理的探究现状,综述了其作为萃取剂和溶剂在分离和有机反应中的应用,以及作为催化剂在酯化、Fridel-Crafts、环化、缩合和多组分反应等有机反应中的应用研究进展,就低共熔溶剂在研究、应用中存在的问题进行了探讨并指出了解决方法.低共熔溶剂必将以其丰富的结构及功能可调变性,成为最有发展前景的新一代溶剂和催化剂.
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