Compartmentalized immune responses and the local microbiota determine mucosal and systemic immunity against SARS-CoV-2

摘要

The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection,which is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,are highly variable and range from asymptomatic carriage or mild symptoms to severe disease involving different organ systems.However,the specific factors influencing individual clinical outcomes remain unclear.Thus,to characterize the versatile interplay of mucosal and systemic immune responses with the local microbiome and the viral load,as well as its impact on the course of the disease,Smith et al.performed integrated analyses of nasopharyngeal swabs and plasma samples from COVID-19 patients with varying degrees of illness severity.They observed that spike-specific neutralizing antibodies were heterogeneous between paired plasma samples and nasopharyngeal swabs from individual SARS-CoV-2 patients,suggesting a tissuedependent regulation of humoral immune responses.