Impacts of Municipal Wastewater and Seasonal Variation on Heavy Metal(loid) Contamination and Environmental and Health Risk Assessment in Peri-urban Vegetable Farms of Hue City, Vietnam

摘要

In developing countries, urbanization brings pressures not only to communities, but also to environment. Huong river, a main source of irrigation water, flowing through Hue city has been receiving untreated municipal wastewater that contains several harmful substances such as heavy metal(loid)s (HM). Moreover, high amount of monsoonal rainfall in wet season is hypothesized to bring those pollutants to downstream agricultural areas. Thus, this study aims to investigate the contamination of HM in irrigation water, soil and vegetable and to assess environmental and health risks for local people under effects of wastewater and seasonal change in peri-urban farms in Hue city, Vietnam.