Current biomechanical models of the thumb do not replicate either the maximum pinch forces produced via coordinated muscle actions by human subjects [1] or the magnitudes of the forces produced by individual muscles as quantified in cadaveric specimens [2]. However, compared to the literature, these models either underestimate the forces produced by human subjects [1] or overestimate the magnitudes quantified in cadaveric specimens [3, 4]. Specifically, the model developed by Valero-Cuevas et al (2003) was reported to be four times weaker than the endpoint forces produced during maximum effort by human subjects experimentally [1]. In contrast, Towles et al., (2008) reported simulated endpoint forces substantially ereater than the forces produced by individual muscles in cadaveric experiments for six of nine muscles studied. [3]. Similarly, Goehler and Murray (2010) simulated the endpoint forces produced by individual extrinsic muscles and reported results that were approximately 60% larger than the forces measured in cadavers [4].
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